![]() The organism thus is composed of two tendencies that act counter to each other: (a) a conservative tendency (i.e., persisting) and (b) a progressive tendency (i.e., becoming see Plessner, 1928, pp. Second, the activity of the organism is directed: on the one hand, the organism attempts, in its interaction with the world, to conserve its integrity on the other hand, the organism attempts to develop toward a better equilibrated state. First, every behavior is an expression of a larger organization or context, including the Umwelt or life-space of the organism (holism). The organismic-developmental framework makes two key assumptions about the nature of behavior ( Werner & Kaplan, 1963, p. Finally, we will compare Werner and Kaplan’s concept of distancing with the role of distancing in two current influential developmental theories, namely Zelazo’s (2004) Levels of Consciousness (LOC) theory and Carlson and colleagues’ (2005) application of distancing to motivation. We then illustrate aspects of the distancing process for three areas of symbolic development: words, gesture and pretend play. Next, we will discuss the different components of the distancing process. ![]() In the following, we will first delineate the theoretical context of distancing, describing how it fits with key assumptions of the organismic-developmental framework and showing how it reflects some philosophical and biological influences on Werner’s thinking. Symbol formation is characterized by an increasing distance or polarization between and integration of the different components involved in symbolization: addressor, addressee or audience, referent and symbolic vehicle. The concept of distancing expresses the orthogenetic principle according to which developmental change proceeds from ‘a state of relative globality and undifferentiatedness toward states of increasing differentiation, articulation and hierarchic integration’ ( Werner & Kaplan, 1963, p. Finally, we compare Werner and Kaplan’s concept of distancing to ideas of distancing developed in recent developmental theories.Ĭentral to Werner and Kaplan’s theory of symbol formation is the concept of distancing. We demonstrate the different aspects of the distancing process in several domains of symbolic development, including words, gestural development and pretend play. Furthermore, we argue that the distancing process identifies central prerequisites of symbolic activity that are largely ignored by contemporary developmental theories. We describe the theoretical context and different aspects of the distancing process. ![]() ![]() Specifically, Werner and Kaplan suggest that distancing takes place between person and referent, between person and symbolic vehicle, between symbolic vehicle and referent and between addressor and addressee. It refers to the process of progressive differentiation and hierarchic integration of the four components constitutive of symbolic activity: addressor, addressee, symbolic vehicle and referent. The concept of distancing or polarization plays a central role in Werner and Kaplan’s account of symbol formation. All subjects Allied Health Cardiology & Cardiovascular Medicine Dentistry Emergency Medicine & Critical Care Endocrinology & Metabolism Environmental Science General Medicine Geriatrics Infectious Diseases Medico-legal Neurology Nursing Nutrition Obstetrics & Gynecology Oncology Orthopaedics & Sports Medicine Otolaryngology Palliative Medicine & Chronic Care Pediatrics Pharmacology & Toxicology Psychiatry & Psychology Public Health Pulmonary & Respiratory Medicine Radiology Research Methods & Evaluation Rheumatology Surgery Tropical Medicine Veterinary Medicine Cell Biology Clinical Biochemistry Environmental Science Life Sciences Neuroscience Pharmacology & Toxicology Biomedical Engineering Engineering & Computing Environmental Engineering Materials Science Anthropology & Archaeology Communication & Media Studies Criminology & Criminal Justice Cultural Studies Economics & Development Education Environmental Studies Ethnic Studies Family Studies Gender Studies Geography Gerontology & Aging Group Studies History Information Science Interpersonal Violence Language & Linguistics Law Management & Organization Studies Marketing & Hospitality Music Peace Studies & Conflict Resolution Philosophy Politics & International Relations Psychoanalysis Psychology & Counseling Public Administration Regional Studies Religion Research Methods & Evaluation Science & Society Studies Social Work & Social Policy Sociology Special Education Urban Studies & Planning BROWSE JOURNALS
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |